Author(s):
Deptuła A., PhD (Eng)1
ORCID: 0000-0003-3017-5998
Kurmaev R.Kh., PhD (Eng)
leading specialist, Centre “Power units”2
Affiliated:
1Faculty of Production Engineering and Logistics, Opole University of Technology, Opole 45-758, Poland
2Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Central Scientific Research Automobile and Automotive Engines Institute” (FSUE “NAMI”), Moscow 125438, Russian Federation
For citation:
Deptuła A., Kurmaev R.Kh. Application of decision logic trees and game-tree structures in analysis of automatic transmission gearboxes. Trudy NAMI, 2021, no. 3 (286), pp. 6–21. DOI: 10.51187/0135-3152-2021-3-6-21.
Received:
2021.05.27
Published:
2021.09.29
Abstract:
Introduction (problem statement and relevance). The graphs, logic and game-tree structures methods have been used in mechanics. The purpose of modeling an automatic gearbox with graphs can be versatile, namely: determining the transmission ratio of individual gears, analyzing the speed and acceleration of individual rotating elements.
The purpose of the study. The article presents the application of decision trees in the analysis of automatic gearboxes modeled with the Hsu graph.
Methodology and research methods. The paper presents a method of generating game tree structures that allow to change the values of decision parameters in the issues of decision making and knowledge generation. Specifying the rank of importance, in which order you should change individual items to active, allows you to detect the so-called redundant or temporarily redundant components for a given gear currently under consideration.
Scientific novelty and results. At each stage of optimization, a tree is generated, selecting the optimal decisions. Then, vertices can be added to the tree that represent the optimal responses of the system to changes in arithmetic construction parameters.
Practical significance. The most important in this regard will be the selection of the optimal programming environment with the possibility of installing the program in laboratory.
Key words:
decision logical trees
automatic transmissions gear-boxes
Hsu graph
Optimization
computer analysis
information systems
References:
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Author(s):
Kisulenko B.V., D.Sc. (Eng)
General Director Advisor for Technical Regulation1
Affiliated:
1Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Central Scientific Research Automobile and Automotive Engines Institute” (FSUE “NAMI”), Moscow 125438, Russian Federation
For citation:
Kisulenko B.V. [Technical inspection of vehicles in Russia according to international agreements with the participation of Russia]. Trudy NAMI, 2021, no. 3 (286), pp. 22–29. DOI: 10.51187/0135-3152-2021-3-22-29. (In Russian)
Received:
2021.07.05
Published:
2021.09.29
Abstract:
Introduction (problem statement and relevance). In connection with the development of the vehicle technical inspection system in the Russian Federation, it is relevant to compare the requirements for vehicles, which Russia supports, in the international agreements and at the national level.
Methodology and research methods. The analytical method is applied.
The purpose of the study was to analyze the current state of safety requirements for vehicles during regular technical inspections in the Russian Federation, that is UN Regulations annexed to the Vienna Agreement of 1997, and the technical regulations of the Eurasian Economic Union “On the safety of wheeled vehicles”.
Scientific novelty and results. The scientific novelty results in the analysis which shows that the 1997 Vienna Agreement documents introduce a level classification of defects discovered during the technical inspection, but the existing uncertainty of the defect interpretation can cause a conflict between the inspector and the owner of the inspected vehicle. In contrast to these documents, the diagnostic card of the technical inspection in Russia sets the requirements out clearly and unambiguously, which excludes their ambiguous interpretation.
Practical significance. The research results can be used to improve the technical regulations of the Eurasian Economic Union in the field of automobiles and to develop national legislative acts of the Russian Federation in this area, as well.
Key words:
wheeled vehicles
technical inspection
diagnostic card
UN Regulations
Vienna Agreement 1997
Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation
Technical regulation TR TS 018/2011 “On the safety of wheeled vehicles”
References:
1. [Technical Regulations of the Customs Union “On the safety of wheeled vehicles” (TRCU 018/2011)]. (In Russian)
2. [Agreement on the Adoption of Uniform Conditions for Periodic Technical Inspections of Wheeled Vehicles and on the Mutual Recognition of Such Inspections (done in Vienna on November 13, 1997]. (In Russian)
3. [Agreement on the Adoption of Harmonized United Nations Technical Regulations for Wheeled Vehicles, Items of Equipment and Parts That May Be Fitted and / or Used on Wheeled Vehicles, and on the Conditions for Mutual Recognition of Approvals Issued Based on these United Nations Regulations. Revision 3, incorporates amendments that entered into force on 14 September 2017]. ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2016/2. (In Russian)
4. Agreement concerning the establishing of global technical regulations for wheeled vehicles, equipment and parts which can be fitted and/or be used on wheeled vehicles (ECE/TRANS/132 and Corr.1), done at Geneva on 25 June 1998 (“1998 Agreement”).
5. Directive 2014/47/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 3 April 2014 on the technical roadside inspection of the roadworthiness of commercial vehicles circulating in the Union and repealing Directive 2000/30/EC.
6. [UN Regulation No. 1 “Uniform requirements for periodic technical inspections of wheeled vehicles with regard to the protection of the environment”. Revision 2 (effective date: 8 February 2018)]. (In Russian)
7. [UN Regulation No. 2 “Uniform Provisions for Periodic Technical Inspections of Wheeled Vehicles with regard to their suitability and use (effective date: 3 February 2012)]. (In Russian)
8. Rule No. 3 UN “Periodical Technical Inspections of motor vehicles using Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) and/or Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) in their propulsion system” (date of entry into force: 10 June 2019). ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2018/70.
9. Rule No. 4 UN “Uniform provisions for periodical technical inspections of motor vehicles equipped with electric or hybrid propulsion system(s) with regard their roadworthiness” (date of entry into force: 10 June 2019). ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2017/135.
10. Resolution R.E.6 on the administrative and technical provisions required for carrying out the technical inspections according to the technical prescriptions specified in Rules annexed to the 1997 Agreement. ECE/TRANS/WP.29/1132/Rev.1.
Author(s):
Novikov D.S., PhD (Eng)
chief design-engineer1
Affiliated:
1PJSC “Avtodizel'”, Yaroslavl 150040, Russian Federation
For citation:
Novikov D.S. [Application of modal and harmonic analysis to predict the automotive transmission vibration at an early stage of design]. Trudy NAMI, 2021, no. 3 (286), pp. 30–36. DOI: 10.51187/0135-3152-2021-3-30-36. (In Russian)
Received:
2021.07.11
Published:
2021.09.29
Abstract:
Introduction (problem statement and relevance). The need to increase the operating speeds and input torque of automobile transmissions because of their vibration is becoming a more and more urgent problem.
The purpose of the study was to substantiate the applicability of harmonic analysis, which makes it possible to determine the actual values of vibration values during a steady oscillatory process, for the initial assessment of the gearbox vibration activity.
Methodology and research methods. The calculation of the gearbox vibration activity was carried out by modal and harmonic analyses, implemented by the finite element method, and followed by the experimental study of gearbox vibration on a test bench.
Scientific novelty and results. The presented experimental and calculated results of the research show that the difference between the experimental and calculated values is no more than 4.2%. This proves the possibility of applying modal and harmonic analysis to predict the gearbox vibration state at an early stage of product design at the stand.
Practical significance. The given calculation algorithm makes it possible to predict, with a sufficient degree of accuracy, the vibration of the gearbox before the manufacture of a prototype in experimental production.
Key words:
gearbox
modal analysis
natural frequencies
finite element method
harmonic analysis
test bench
References:
1. Tikhomirov A.D. [Quality gate]. Effektivnye sistemy menedzhmenta – garantii ustoychivogo razvitiya, 2016, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 271–275. (In Russian)
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5. Vijaykumar M., Shivaraju M., Srikanth M. Vibration Analysis for Gearbox Casing using Finite Element Analysis. The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES), 2014, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 18–36.
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7. Kumar A., Patil P.P. Dynamic Vibration Analysis of Heavy Vehicle Truck Transmission Gearbox Housing Using FEA. Journal of Engineering Science & Technology Review, 2014, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 66–72.
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10. Novikov D.S., Shilov S.M. [Influence of the degree of detailing of finite element models of a transport engine gearbox on natural frequencies and vibration modes of the gearbox crankcase]. [Proceedings of the Eighth Conference of CAD-FEM GmbH Software Users]. Moscow, 2008. 1 CD-ROM. (In Russian)
11. De Silva C.W. et al. Vibration and shock handbook. CRC press, 2005.
12. Machnev V.A. [Vibrations in the gears of the gearbox]. Niva Povolzh'ya, 2008, no. 2, pp. 55–57. (In Russian)
13. [Engines YaMZ-6565, YaMZ-65651, YaMZ-65652, YaMZ-65653, YaMZ-65654 and their modifications and configuration. Supplement to the operation manual 236N-3901150RE]. 2013. 89 p. (In Russian)
14. Shilov S.M. [Evaluation of the dynamic behavior of the transmission crankcase of a transport engine using modal analysis]. [Proceedings of the Sixth Conference of CAD-FEM GmbH Software Users]. Moscow, 2006, pp. 95–100. (In Russian)
15. Machnev V.A., Machnev A.V., Komarov V.A., Salmin V.V. [Formation of vibration signals in the tractor transmission]. Niva Povolzh'y, 2015, no. 1, pp. 50–55. (In Russian)
16. Leont'ev N.V. [Application of the ANSYS system to solving problems of modal and harmonic analysis]. N. Novgorod, NNGU Publ., 2006. 101 p. (In Russian)
Author(s):
Vasin P.A., postgraduate
programming engineer, department of computer vision analysis, Center “Intelligence systems”1
Kulikov I.A., PhD (Eng)
head of power unit simulation sector, Centre “Power units”1
Affiliated:
1Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Central Scientific Research Automobile and Automotive Engines Institute” (FSUE “NAMI”), Moscow 125438, Russian Federation
For citation:
Vasin P.A., Kulikov I.A. [Training neural networks for automotive computer vision systems considering types of false estimations]. Trudy NAMI, 2021, no. 3 (286), pp. 37–47. DOI: 10.51187/0135-3152-2021-3-37-47. (In Russian)
Received:
2020.07.01
Published:
2021.09.29
Abstract:
Introduction (problem statement and relevance). This article deals with the problem of training artificial neural networks intended to analyze images of the surrounding space in automotive computer vision systems. The conventional training approach implies using loss functions that only improve the overall identification quality making no distinction between types of possible false predictions. However, traffic safety risks associated with different types of prediction errors are unequal being higher for false positive estimations.
The purpose of this work is to propose improved loss functions, which include penalties for false positive predictions, and to study how using these functions affects the behavior of a convolutional neural network when estimating the drivable space.
Methodology and research methods. The proposed loss functions are based on the Sørensen-Dice coefficient differing from each other in the approaches to penalizing false positive errors. The performance of the trained neural networks is evaluated using three metrics, namely, the Jaccard coefficient, False Positive Rate and False Negative Rate. The proposed solutions are compared with the conventional one by calculating the ratios of their respective metrics.
Scientific novelty and results. The improved loss functions have been proposed to train computer vision algorithms featuring penalties for false positive estimations. The experimental study of the trained neural networks using a test dataset has shown that the improved loss functions allow reducing the False Positive Rate by 21%.
The practical significance of this work is constituted by the proposed method of training neural networks that allows to increase the safety of automated driving through an improved accuracy of analyzing the surrounding space using computer vision systems.
Key words:
automotive computer vision systems
drivable space
neural networks
deep learning
loss functions
References:
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Author(s):
Strukov V.O.,
lead engineer of the department of functional subsystems of automatic control of the vehicle1
Affiliated:
1Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Central Scientific Research Automobile and Automotive Engines Institute” (FSUE “NAMI”), Moscow 125438, Russian Federation
For citation:
Strukov V.O. [The control optimization algorithm for automatic braking of a wheeled vehicle]. Trudy NAMI, 2021, no. 3 (286), pp. 48–57. DOI: 10.51187/0135-3152-2021-3-48-57. (In Russian)
Received:
2021.09.08
Published:
2021.09.29
Abstract:
Introduction (problem statement and relevance). One of the most promising and intensively developing directions in the automation field of road transport management is the creation of highly automated vehicles.
The purpose of the study was to find a way to solve a wheeled vehicle safe automatic braking problem in terms of minimizing quality control of the quadratic functional and work out optimal software and hardware implementation of this system.
Methodology and research methods. To solve the problem, the method of the control algorithm analytical design was used, basing on the use of the necessary conditions for minimizing the elements of the functional for the control law synthesis. The maximum deceleration value was due to the identified tire grip, and the deceleration threshold from which braking begins was selected as the minimum of the working deceleration and two decelerations depending on the rear obstacle distance.
Scientific novelty and results. The tests of the developed function were carried out for the LADA Vesta vehicle equipped with an ABS valve body with the possibility of programmed control. The analysis of the research results showed that when solving the problem of safe automatic braking in front of an obstacle, the software limitation of braking deceleration did not allow wheel blocking and performed the functions of an anti-lock braking system at the permissible wheel slipping level; software backup of the distance calculation to the front obstacle from the moment of braking start allowed to prevent most of the situations with false data from the radar when the vehicle pecked during braking.
Practical significance. Software tuning of mathematical models parameters of the engine, transmission and braking system allows you to adapt the automatic braking system to a wide class of vehicle models.
Key words:
automatic braking of a vehicle
mathematical model
quadratic functional
control algorithms
method of algorithms analytical design
References:
1. Didin F.S., Iridiastadi H. Risk factors for rear-end collision: a systematic literature review. IOP Conference Series Materials Science and 909. December 2020. DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/909/1/012076.
2. Tan H., Zhao F., Hao H., Liu Z., Amer A.A., Babiker H. Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB) System Impact on Fatality and Injury Reduction in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17(3):917, February 2020. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030917.
3. Jeong E. Evaluating the effectiveness of active vehicle safety systems. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 2017, vol. 100, pp. 85–96.
4. Ivanov A.M., Kristal'nyy S.R., Popov N.V. [Automatic emergency braking systems. Monograph]. Moscow, MADI Publ., 2018. 180 p. (In Russian)
5. Zamyatina N.Yu., Pilyasov А.N. A New Approach to Developing Northern and Arctic Russian Territories: Local Transport System. Problems of Territory's Development, 2018, vol. 4 (96), pp. 26–41. DOI: 10.15838/ptd.2018.4.96.2.
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Full text: https://elibrary.ru/contents.asp?titleid=26733
Author(s):
Kavtaradze R.Z., D.Sc. (Eng), professor1
Sun B., postgraduate1
Golosov A.S., PhD (Eng)1
Chen Zh., postgraduate1
Chzhan Ts., postgraduate1
Chilashvili G.V., PhD (Eng)2
Affiliated:
1 Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow 105005, Russian Federation
2 Raphiel Dvali Institute of Machine Mechanics, Tbilisi 0186, Georgia
For citation:
Kavtaradze R.Z., Sun B., Golosov A.S., Chen Zh., Chzhan Ts., Chilashvili G.V. [Effective indicators of a hydrogen engine operating on a lean mixture and equipped with a modified fuel supply system]. Trudy NAMI, 2021, no. 3 (286), pp. 58–66. DOI: 10.51187/0135-3152-2021-3-58-66. (In Russian)
Received:
2021.07.08
Published:
2021.09.29
Abstract:
Introduction (problem statement and relevance). Limited oil reserves and tightening environmental standards are forcing engine manufacturers to switch to alternative fuels in the near future, among which hydrogen is the most promising. The advantages of hydrogen are high specific heat of combustion and high combustion rate. Wide concentration limits of hydrogen combustion make it possible to use high-quality power control, thereby providing an increase in the efficiency of a hydrogen engine when compared to the basic internal combustion engine.
The purpose of the study was to ensure the operation of a serial gasoline engine running on hydrogen with a new experimental fuel supply system, as well as the modification of the intake manifold design without abnormal phenomena during combustion when operating on a lean mixture, and to obtain efficient and ecological characteristics of a hydrogen engine under bench test conditions, as a result.
Methodology and research methods. The work is experimental, the reliability of the results obtained is confirmed by the use of modern means for measuring and processing experimental data. The obtained results of measuring nitrogen oxides are adequate to the known Zel'dovich thermal mechanism. The value of the results lies in the fact that they show the feasibility of transferring serial internal combustion engines to hydrogen; in addition, these results are used to develop and verify mathematical 3D models of the hydrogen engine working process.
Scientific novelty and results. A new system providing the necessary characteristics (pressure, duration and cycle dose) for supplying hydrogen to the intake system with two injectors for each cylinder was designed, installed and tested on the prototype engine.
Practical significance. The expediency of the working cycle creation and efficiency of a hydrogen engine with an experimental lean-burn fuel supply system was confirmed, which made it possible to provide high-quality power control with external mixture formation and forced ignition.
Key words:
alternative fuels
hydrogen engine
external mixture formation
3D modeling
lean mixture
premature ignition
backflow
combustion residues
References:
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Author(s):
Taratorkin A.I., PhD (Eng)
lead design-engineer1,3
Zhuk A.V.,
design-engineer1
Rudnev A.I.,
design-engineer1
Chernyshev N.V., канд. техн. наук
chief design-engineer1
Butuzov D.V.,
chief specialist of the Transmissions department2
Golubev M.V.,
head of the Department of Mathematical Modeling of Automatic Transmission Control Systems of the Software Center2
Fomin N.M.,
Head of the Department for Calibration of Automatic Transmissions of the Software Center2
Affiliated:
1Pilot production of components (PJSC KAMAZ), Moscow 101000, Russian Federation
2Federal State Unitary Enterprise “Central Scientific Research Automobile and Automotive Engines Institute” (FSUE “NAMI”), Moscow 125438, Russian Federation
3Institute of Engineering Science, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg 620049, Russian Federation
For citation:
Taratorkin A.I., Zhuk A.V., Rudnev A.I., Chernyshev N.V., Butuzov D.V., Golubev M.V., Fomin N.M. [Ensuring the required law implementation accuracy of the transmission clutches control by regulating the working fluid volume in the hydraulic cylinder compensation chamber]. Trudy NAMI, 2021, no. 3 (286), pp. 67–80. DOI: 10.51187/0135-3152-2021-3-67-80. (In Russian)
Received:
2021.05.13
Published:
2021.09.29
Abstract:
Introduction (problem statement and relevance). Testing the vehicle automatic transmission and shifting gears without interrupting the power flow undesirable dynamic phenomena were revealed. The occurrence of “parasitic” centrifugal pressure in the clutch boosters was observed which resulted in self-activation of the control element, clamping the discs friction linings, which made the hydraulic cylinder emptying and piston removing from the package disks complicated. As a consequence of it there occurred a comfort decrease in the vehicle, and in some cases, the destruction of friction clutches. It was found that the reason for this occurrence was the filling degree instability of the compensation and piston chambers of the hydraulic cylinder clutch, which was not taken into account by the existing calculation and design methods under various initial conditions.
The purpose of the study was to improve the implementation accuracy of the required control law of the transmission clutches by purposeful regulating the working fluid volume in the compensation chamber of the hydraulic cylinder clutch.
Methodology and research methods. A road test technique was proposed for identifying and reproducing the conditions of the dynamic phenomenon manifestation. The developed mathematical model of the piston stroke made it possible to assess the dependence of the implementation quality of the required clutch control law when individual gears were engaged on the following parameters: the filling degree of the compensation chamber; features of solenoid valves operation; the stiffness of the return spring; the number of clutch friction pairs.
Scientific novelty and results. On the experimental research basis of the worked out design and the use of scientifically grounded technical solutions the dynamic effect manifestation of the unbalanced “parasitic” centrifugal pressure rise was excluded.
Practical significance. The developed and implemented technical solutions for stabilizing the pressure in the compensation chamber made it possible to ensure the required quality of gear shifting when limiting the dynamic and thermal loading of the friction discs, which made it possible to ensure the required level of dynamic characteristics and comfort ability of the product when shifting gears.
Key words:
automatic transmission
multi-plate friction clutches
centrifugal imbalance
mode
control law
comfort
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